Eye divergence and dipvergence are two factors that may cause discomfort when they exceed optimal values.The smallest value of eye clearance for standard eyeglasses is 17 mm, while 23 mm eye clearance is recommended to accommodate most eyeglasses. Eye clearance is believed to be an important factor for comfort.This requirement may be reduced with eye tracking or balanced to satisfy other system requirements. Ideally, a pupil size of 15 to 18 mm would allow natural eye movement. The pupil diameter of human eyes ranges from 2 to 8 mm depending on the level of brightness.The key optical design constraints for HMDs are pupil (eye-box) size, eye clearance, divergence, dipvergence, and IPD (See Figure 2). The headsets should also have adequate eye clearance, a large-enough pupil size to allow for natural eye movement, appropriate interpupillary distance (IPD), and low divergence and dipvergence. To be comfortable to view, the headset should provide appropriate viewpoints based on the user’s head position and gaze point. Ideally, the weight and size should be no more than a pair of eyeglasses. To be comfortable to wear, the headset should be compact and lightweight. One of the most important requirements for HMDs is good ergonomic design, i.e., the headset is comfortable to wear and view for prolonged usage. An ideal VR HMD must be able to provide a high-resolution image within a large field of view (FOV) while supporting accommodation cues for 3D perception and have a large eyebox (exit pupil) with a compact form factor.
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